Dairy industry Dairy industry Молочная промышленность 1019-8946 105776 10.21603/1019-8946-2025-5-59 Научная статья Research Article Научная статья Antimicrobial Properties of Electrochemically Activated Solutions of Carboxylic Acid Salts vs. Sodium Chloride Антимикробная активность электрохимически активированных растворов солей карбоновых кислот в сравнении с хлоридом натрия Маневич Борис Владиленович Manevich Boris V. b_manevich@vnimi.org

кандидат технических наук;

candidate of technical sciences;

 Бурыкина Елена Александровна Burykina Elena A. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9498-4757 Кишилова Светлана Анатольевна Kishilova Svetlana A. s_kishilova@vnimi.org Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Москва Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Moscow Russian Federation Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Russian Federation Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт молочной промышленности Москва Россия All-Russian Dairy Research Institute Moscow Russian Federation 21 10 2025 21 10 2025 5 68 76 13 05 2025 19 09 2025 https://moloprom.kemsu.ru/en/nauka/article/105776/view

Статья посвящена поиску безопасных альтернативных методов дезинфекции в пищевой промышленности, направленных на минимизацию использования хлорсодержащих растворов, которые, несмотря на эффективность, способны генерировать токсичные побочные продукты. Цель работы – сравнительный анализ физико-химических показателей и антимикробной активности электрохимически активированных (ЭХА) растворов солей карбоновых кислот (ацетата, цитрата, лактата натрия) и электролизного раствора хлорида натрия с акцентом на безопасность и минимизацию экологических рисков. В ходе эксперимента использовали электролизную установку с диафрагменным электрохимическим модулем и 1 % растворы солей, подвергаемые электрохимической активации. Методика включала оценку окислительно-восстановительного потенциала, показателя активности водородных ионов (рН), содержания оксидантов в эквиваленте активного хлора и тестирование бактерицидной эффективности in vitro в отношении тест-культуры Pseudomonas aeruginosa (штамм ATCC 25668 и резистентный штамм 47) при экспозиции 10 мин. Результаты показали, что ЭХА-раствор лактата натрия обеспечил снижение числа микроорганизмов на 4–6 lg КОЕ/см3, менее эффективными оказались растворы ацетата и цитрата натрия, обеспечивающие снижение КОЕ на 3,9–4,9 lg КОЕ/см3 и 3,4–4,0 lg КОЕ/см3 соответственно, тогда как хлорид натрия – до 8 lg КОЕ/см3 при исходном количестве клеток тест-культур 8,0 и 8,2 lg КОЕ/см3. Установлено, что электролиз монорастворов солей карбоновых кислот по механизму Кольбе не обеспечивает образования достаточного количества бактерицидных агентов и эффективных значений рН и окислительно-восстановительного потенциала. Обнаружена перспективность комбинирования солей карбоновых кислот с хлоридом натрия для синергетического усиления антимикробного эффекта при одновременном сокращении токсичных побочных продуктов. Подчеркнута важность оптимизации параметров электролиза (напряжение, сила тока, состав исходных растворов) для повышения эффективности. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при разработке экологически безопасных дезинфицирующих средств для пищевых предприятий, в том числе молокоперерабатывающих, соответствующих требованиям законодательства и стандартам пищевой безопасности.

Alternative disinfection methods involve no chlorine-containing solutions, which, despite their effectiveness, generate toxic by-products. This research compared the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of electrolytic sodium chloride with electrochemically activated solutions of carboxylic acid salts (sodium acetate, citrate, lactate). The focus was on safety and sustainability. Unsing an electrolysis unit with a diaphragm electrochemical module and electrochemically activated 1% salt solutions, the authors studied the redox potential, the hydrogen ion activity index (pH), the oxidant content (active chlorine equivalent), and the in-vitro bactericidal efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strains ATCC 25668, resistant pc 47, 10 min exposure). The sodium lactate provided microbial reduction by 4–6 lg CFU/cm3 while sodium acetate and citrate solutions were less effective (3.9–4.9 and 3.4–4.0 lg CFU/cm3, respectively). In case of sodium chloride, the reduction was as high as 8 lg CFU/cm3, the initial titers being 8.0 and 8.2 lg CFU/cm3. The electrolytic monosolutions of carboxylic acid salts (Kolbe reaction) demonstrated low results in bactericidal agents, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential. Carboxylic acid salts combined with sodium chloride could synergistically enhance the antimicrobial effect while reducing toxic by-products. If optimized, such electrolysis parameters as voltage, current strength, and initial solutions may increase the disinfection efficiency. The results obtained can be used to develop environmentally safe disinfectants for the food industry.

 продовольственная безопасность электрохимическая активация соли карбоновых кислот электролиз Кольбе Pseudomonas aeruginosa антимикробная активность дезинфекция токсичные побочные продукты food safety electrochemical activation carboxylic acid salts Kolbe electrolysis Pseudomonas aeruginosa antimicrobial activity disinfection toxic by-products Материал подготовлен в рамках выполнения государственного задания по теме FNSS-2025-003.

Smith, A. M. Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes in South Africa, 2017–2018: Laboratory activities and experiences associated with whole-genome sequencing analysis of isolates / A. M. Smith [et. al.] // Foodborne pathogens and disease. 2019. Vol. 16(7). P. 524–530. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2018.2586 Smith, A. M. Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes in South Africa, 2017–2018: Laboratory activities and experiences associated with whole-genome sequencing analysis of isolates / A. M. Smith [et. al.] // Foodborne pathogens and disease. 2019. Vol. 16(7). P. 524–530. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2018.2586 Груздева, О. А. Listeria monocytogenes сегодня / О. А. Груздева [и др.] // Российский медицинский журнал. 2021. Т. 27. №. 5. С. 491–500. http://doi.org/10.17816/0869-2106-2021-27-5-491-500; https://elibrary.ru/uehqxs Gruzdeva, O. A. Listeria monocytogenes segodnya / O. A. Gruzdeva [i dr.] // Rossiyskiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2021. T. 27. №. 5. S. 491–500. http://doi.org/10.17816/0869-2106-2021-27-5-491-500; https://elibrary.ru/uehqxs Галстян, А. Г. Грани молочной науки: эволюционные императивы и детерминанты развития / А. Г. Галстян [и др.]. – М.: ВНИМИ, 2024. – 319 с. Galstyan, A. G. Grani molochnoy nauki: evolyucionnye imperativy i determinanty razvitiya / A. G. Galstyan [i dr.]. – M.: VNIMI, 2024. – 319 s. Маневич, Б. В. Электролизные растворы в санитарной обработке: прошлое и настоящее / Б. В. Маневич, Е. Н. Титов // Молочная промышленность. 2024. №. 1. С. 60–63. https://doi.org/10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-3; https://elibrary.ru/dakxwz Manevich, B. V. Elektroliznye rastvory v sanitarnoy obrabotke: proshloe i nastoyaschee / B. V. Manevich, E. N. Titov // Molochnaya promyshlennost'. 2024. №. 1. S. 60–63. https://doi.org/10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-3; https://elibrary.ru/dakxwz Bakhir, V. M. Electrochemical activation inventions systems technology / V. M. Bakhir [et al.]. – Moscow: Viva-Star Printing Plant Publ, 2021. – 660 p. Bakhir, V. M. Electrochemical activation inventions systems technology / V. M. Bakhir [et al.]. – Moscow: Viva-Star Printing Plant Publ, 2021. – 660 p. Li, X. Electrochemical disinfection for human health protection: Disinfection Mechanisms, System Innovations, Applications / X. Li [et al.] // Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2024. Vol. 12(5). 114073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.114073 Li, X. Electrochemical disinfection for human health protection: Disinfection Mechanisms, System Innovations, Applications / X. Li [et al.] // Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2024. Vol. 12(5). 114073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.114073 Nemati, V. Advances in Lettuce postharvest processing: implications for microbiological safety and storage quality / V. Nemati // Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 2025. Vol. 21. 101824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101824 Nemati, V. Advances in Lettuce postharvest processing: implications for microbiological safety and storage quality / V. Nemati // Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 2025. Vol. 21. 101824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101824 Stefanello, A. Comparison of electrolized water and multiple chemical sanitizer action against heat-resistant molds (HRM) / A. Stefanello [et al.] // International journal of food microbiology. 2020. Vol. 335. 108856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108856 Stefanello, A. Comparison of electrolized water and multiple chemical sanitizer action against heat-resistant molds (HRM) / A. Stefanello [et al.] // International journal of food microbiology. 2020. Vol. 335. 108856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108856 Maojin, T. Bacterial Spore Inactivation Technology in Solid Foods: A Review / T. Maojin [et al.] //Journal of Food Protection. 2025. Vol. 88(5). 100479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100479 Maojin, T. Bacterial Spore Inactivation Technology in Solid Foods: A Review / T. Maojin [et al.] //Journal of Food Protection. 2025. Vol. 88(5). 100479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100479 Ignatov, I. Preparation of electrochemically activated water solutions (catholyte/anolyte) and studying their physical-chemical properties / I. Ignatov [et al.] // Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics. 2015. Vol. 13. P. 64–78. Ignatov, I. Preparation of electrochemically activated water solutions (catholyte/anolyte) and studying their physical-chemical properties / I. Ignatov [et al.] // Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics. 2015. Vol. 13. P. 64–78. Deza, M. A. Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel and glass surfaces by neutral electrolysed water / M. A. Deza, M. Araujo, M. J. Garrido // Letters in applied microbiology. 2005. Vol. 40(5). P. 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2005.01679.x Deza, M. A. Inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel and glass surfaces by neutral electrolysed water / M. A. Deza, M. Araujo, M. J. Garrido // Letters in applied microbiology. 2005. Vol. 40(5). P. 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2005.01679.x Mishima, S. Control of microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines: Effectiveness of neutral electrolytic water / S. Mishima [et al.] // Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology. 2025. Vol. 37(3). P. 512–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2024.11.012 Mishima, S. Control of microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines: Effectiveness of neutral electrolytic water / S. Mishima [et al.] // Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology. 2025. Vol. 37(3). P. 512–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2024.11.012 Rahman, S. M. Controlling microbial population in livestock and poultry industry using electrolyzed water as an emerging technology for ensuring food safety / S. M. Rahman [et al.] // Food Control. 2023. Vol. 152. 109843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109843 Rahman, S. M. Controlling microbial population in livestock and poultry industry using electrolyzed water as an emerging technology for ensuring food safety / S. M. Rahman [et al.] // Food Control. 2023. Vol. 152. 109843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109843 Поспелов, А. В. Коррозия нержавеющих сталей в дезинфицирующих растворах / А. В. Поспелов [и др.] // Вестник Полоцкого государственного университета. Серия F. Строительство. Прикладные науки. 2023. № 1 (33). С. 90–93. https://doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2023-33-1-94-103; https://elibrary.ru/kleumv Pospelov, A. V. Korroziya nerzhaveyuschih staley v dezinficiruyuschih rastvorah / A. V. Pospelov [i dr.] // Vestnik Polockogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya F. Stroitel'stvo. Prikladnye nauki. 2023. № 1 (33). S. 90–93. https://doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2023-33-1-94-103; https://elibrary.ru/kleumv Hernandez-Pimentel, V. M. Effect of neutral electrolyzed water as antimicrobial intervention treatment of chicken meat and on trihalomethanes formation / V. M. Hernandez-Pimentel [et al.] // Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2020. Vol. 29(3). P. 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2020.04.001 Hernandez-Pimentel, V. M. Effect of neutral electrolyzed water as antimicrobial intervention treatment of chicken meat and on trihalomethanes formation / V. M. Hernandez-Pimentel [et al.] // Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 2020. Vol. 29(3). P. 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2020.04.001 Gomez-Lopez, V. M. Generation of trihalomethanes with chlorine-based sanitizers and impact on microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of baby spinach / V. M. Gomez-Lopez [et al.] // Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2013. Vol. 85. P. 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.05.012 Gomez-Lopez, V. M. Generation of trihalomethanes with chlorine-based sanitizers and impact on microbial, nutritional and sensory quality of baby spinach / V. M. Gomez-Lopez [et al.] // Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2013. Vol. 85. P. 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.05.012 Busch, M. Exploring the mechanism of hypochlorous acid decomposition in aqueous solutions / M.Busch, N. Simic, E. Ahlberg // Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2019. №. 35. P. 19342–19348. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP03439K Busch, M. Exploring the mechanism of hypochlorous acid decomposition in aqueous solutions / M.Busch, N. Simic, E. Ahlberg // Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2019. №. 35. P. 19342–19348. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CP03439K Cabezas-Pizarro, J. Antimicrobial activity of different sodium and potassium salts of carboxylic acid against some common foodborne pathogens and spoilageassociated bacteria / J. Cabezas-Pizarro [et al.] // Revista Argentina de microbiologia. 2018. Vol. 50. №. 1. P. 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2016.11.011 Cabezas-Pizarro, J. Antimicrobial activity of different sodium and potassium salts of carboxylic acid against some common foodborne pathogens and spoilageassociated bacteria / J. Cabezas-Pizarro [et al.] // Revista Argentina de microbiologia. 2018. Vol. 50. №. 1. P. 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2016.11.011 Liato, V. Influence of electro-activated solutions of weak organic acid salts on microbial quality and overall appearance of blueberries during storage / V. Liato, R. Hammami, M. Aider // Food microbiology. 2017. Vol. 64. P. 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.010 Liato, V. Influence of electro-activated solutions of weak organic acid salts on microbial quality and overall appearance of blueberries during storage / V. Liato, R. Hammami, M. Aider // Food microbiology. 2017. Vol. 64. P. 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.010 Liato, V. Electro-activation of potassium acetate, potassium citrate and calcium lactate: impact on solution acidity, Redox potential, vibrational properties of Raman spectra and antibacterial activity on E. coli O157: H7 at ambient temperature / V. Liato [et al.] // SpringerPlus. 2016. Vol. 5. P. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3453-1 Liato, V. Electro-activation of potassium acetate, potassium citrate and calcium lactate: impact on solution acidity, Redox potential, vibrational properties of Raman spectra and antibacterial activity on E. coli O157: H7 at ambient temperature / V. Liato [et al.] // SpringerPlus. 2016. Vol. 5. P. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3453-1 Cayemitte, P. E. Study of the impacts of electro-activated solutions of calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their equimolar mixture combined with moderate heat treatments on the spores of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 under model conditions and in fresh salmon / P. E. Cayemitte [et al.] // International journal of food microbiology. 2021. Vol. 358. P. 109285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109285 Cayemitte, P. E. Study of the impacts of electro-activated solutions of calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their equimolar mixture combined with moderate heat treatments on the spores of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 under model conditions and in fresh salmon / P. E. Cayemitte [et al.] // International journal of food microbiology. 2021. Vol. 358. P. 109285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109285 Liato, V. Study of the antibacterial activity of electro-activated solutions of salts of weak organic acids on Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes / V. Liato [et al.] // Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2017. Vol. 44. №. 1. P. 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-016-1859-y Liato, V. Study of the antibacterial activity of electro-activated solutions of salts of weak organic acids on Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes / V. Liato [et al.] // Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2017. Vol. 44. №. 1. P. 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-016-1859-y Liato, V. Effect of electro-activated solutions of sodium acetate and sodium propionate on geosmin producing Streptomyces avermitilis strain / V. Liato, M. Aider // Chemosphere. 2017. Vol. 188. P. 434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.011 Liato, V. Effect of electro-activated solutions of sodium acetate and sodium propionate on geosmin producing Streptomyces avermitilis strain / V. Liato, M. Aider // Chemosphere. 2017. Vol. 188. P. 434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.011 Faraday, M. Siebente reihe von experimental‐Untersuchungen über Elektricität / M.Faraday // Annalen der Physik. 1834. Vol. 109. №. 31‐34. P. 481–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18341093102 Faraday, M. Siebente reihe von experimental‐Untersuchungen über Elektricität / M.Faraday // Annalen der Physik. 1834. Vol. 109. №. 31‐34. P. 481–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18341093102 Kolbe, H. Ueber die Zersetzung der Valeriansäure durch den galvanischen Strom / H.Kolbe // Journal für Praktische Chemie. 1847. Vol. 42. №. 1. P. 311–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/prac.18470420140 Kolbe, H. Ueber die Zersetzung der Valeriansäure durch den galvanischen Strom / H.Kolbe // Journal für Praktische Chemie. 1847. Vol. 42. №. 1. P. 311–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/prac.18470420140 Liu, S. Understanding the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes / S. Liu [et al.] // Chem Catalysis. 2022. Т. 2. №. 5. P. 1100–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2022.02.01 Liu, S. Understanding the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes / S. Liu [et al.] // Chem Catalysis. 2022. T. 2. №. 5. P. 1100–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2022.02.01 Mira, N. P. On the potential role of naturally occurring carboxylic organic acids as anti-infective agents: opportunities and challenges / N. P. Mira, M. Henriques, F. Gomes [et al.] // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2024. Vol. 140. P. 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.011 Mira, N. P. On the potential role of naturally occurring carboxylic organic acids as anti-infective agents: opportunities and challenges / N. P. Mira, M. Henriques, F. Gomes [et al.] // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2024. Vol. 140. P. 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.011 Liao, L. B. The generation and inactivation mechanism of oxidation–reduction potential of electrolyzed oxidizing water / L. B. Liao, W. M. Chen, X. M. Xiao // Journal of Food Engineering. 2007. Vol. 78. №. 4. P. 1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.004 Liao, L. B. The generation and inactivation mechanism of oxidation–reduction potential of electrolyzed oxidizing water / L. B. Liao, W. M. Chen, X. M. Xiao // Journal of Food Engineering. 2007. Vol. 78. №. 4. P. 1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.004 Маневич, Б. В. Возможности использования кислотных анолитов в процессах санитарной обработки / Б.В. Маневич, Е. Н. Титов // Молочная промышленность. 2024. № 3. С. 87–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/1019-8946-2024-3-1 Manevich, B. V. Vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya kislotnyh anolitov v processah sanitarnoy obrabotki / B.V. Manevich, E. N. Titov // Molochnaya promyshlennost'. 2024. № 3. S. 87–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21603/1019-8946-2024-3-1 Weckhuysen, B. M. Mechanistic insights in electro-synthesis of biomass-derived chemicals: The Kolbe reaction / B. M. Weckhuysen // Chem Catalysis. 2022. Vol. 2. №. 5. P. 920–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2022.04.017 Weckhuysen, B. M. Mechanistic insights in electro-synthesis of biomass-derived chemicals: The Kolbe reaction / B. M. Weckhuysen // Chem Catalysis. 2022. Vol. 2. №. 5. P. 920–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2022.04.017 Baumgarten, N. Scalable Microreactor Concept for the Continuous Kolbe Electrolysis of Carboxylic Acids Using Aqueous Electrolyte / N. Baumgarten [et al.] // ChemistryOpen. 2022. Vol. 11. №. 10. P. e202200171. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202200171 Baumgarten, N. Scalable Microreactor Concept for the Continuous Kolbe Electrolysis of Carboxylic Acids Using Aqueous Electrolyte / N. Baumgarten [et al.] // ChemistryOpen. 2022. Vol. 11. №. 10. P. e202200171. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202200171