Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials Foods and Raw Materials 2308-4057 2310-9599 63826 10.21603/2308-4057-2023-2-580 Review Article Review Article Review Article Thymoquinone-related knowledge (1915–2022): A comprehensive bibliometric analysis Thymoquinone-related knowledge (1915–2022): A comprehensive bibliometric analysis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6145-4466 Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim sadiqa@jazanu.edu.sa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-8929 Taha Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha Manal Mohamed Elhassan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3237-7948 Mariod Abdalbasit Adam Mariod Abdalbasit Adam basitmariod58@gmail.com Jazan University Jizan Саудовская Аравия Jazan University Jizan Saudi Arabia Jazan University Jizan Саудовская Аравия Jazan University Jizan Saudi Arabia University of Jeddah Jeddah Саудовская Аравия University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Center, Ghibaish College of Science & Technology Ghibaish Судан Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Center, Ghibaish College of Science & Technology Ghibaish Sudan 14 06 2023 14 06 2023 11 2 309 320 23 12 2022 07 03 2023 https://jfrm.ru/en/issues/21476/21610/

Nigella sativa L. and its active component, thymoquinone, attract a lot of scientific attention. However, very few review articles on this issue have been published so far, and no review relied on the method of bibliometrics, which is currently the most prominent technique for citation mapping. This review involves a total of 2072 studies on thymoquinone reported in the Scopus database between 1915 and September 15, 2022. The data obtained were processed using the VOSviewer software, MS Excel, and Scopus Analytic. The review introduces some prospective research areas based on theme mapping, knowledge trending, bibliographic coupling, and keyword co-occurrence networks. The authors, documents, journals, institutions, and countries were ranked based on the knowledge impact and the number of publications. The 2072 selected publications belonged to 7605 scholars, with 3.67 authors per document on average. The average number of citations per document was 68.84. The Phytotherapy Research Journal scored as the top source. M.N. Nagi proved to be the top-cited author with 2076 citations, while Saudi Arabia appeared to be the most productive and cited country. The best-studied areas were represented by such topics as anti-inflammatory properties of thymoquinone, cytokine network, and arthritic disease model. Molecular-based approaches in conjunction with ethno-knowledge may be of assistance in comprehending the cellular mechanisms of thymoquinone and establishing its efficacy against a variety of diseases.

Nigella sativa L. and its active component, thymoquinone, attract a lot of scientific attention. However, very few review articles on this issue have been published so far, and no review relied on the method of bibliometrics, which is currently the most prominent technique for citation mapping. This review involves a total of 2072 studies on thymoquinone reported in the Scopus database between 1915 and September 15, 2022. The data obtained were processed using the VOSviewer software, MS Excel, and Scopus Analytic. The review introduces some prospective research areas based on theme mapping, knowledge trending, bibliographic coupling, and keyword co-occurrence networks. The authors, documents, journals, institutions, and countries were ranked based on the knowledge impact and the number of publications. The 2072 selected publications belonged to 7605 scholars, with 3.67 authors per document on average. The average number of citations per document was 68.84. The Phytotherapy Research Journal scored as the top source. M.N. Nagi proved to be the top-cited author with 2076 citations, while Saudi Arabia appeared to be the most productive and cited country. The best-studied areas were represented by such topics as anti-inflammatory properties of thymoquinone, cytokine network, and arthritic disease model. Molecular-based approaches in conjunction with ethno-knowledge may be of assistance in comprehending the cellular mechanisms of thymoquinone and establishing its efficacy against a variety of diseases.

 Bibliometric analysis thymoquinone Nigella sativa performance analysis Scopus database Bibliometric analysis thymoquinone Nigella sativa performance analysis Scopus database

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Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters. 2021;26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-021-00286-5 Homayoonfal M, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. Targeting microRNAs with thymoquinone: a new approach for cancer therapy. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters. 2021;26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11658-021-00286-5 Khan MdA, Tania M, Fu S, Fu J. Thymoquinone, as an anticancer molecule: from basic research to clinical investigation. Oncotarget. 2017;8(31):51907-51919. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.17206 Khan MdA, Tania M, Fu S, Fu J. Thymoquinone, as an anticancer molecule: from basic research to clinical investigation. Oncotarget. 2017;8(31):51907-51919. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.17206 Yu S-M, Kim S-J. The thymoquinone-induced production of reactive oxygen species promotes dedifferentiation through the ERK pathway and inflammation through the p38 and PI3K pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2015;35(2):325-332. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.2014 Yu S-M, Kim S-J. The thymoquinone-induced production of reactive oxygen species promotes dedifferentiation through the ERK pathway and inflammation through the p38 and PI3K pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2015;35(2):325-332. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.2014 al-Shabanah OA, Badary OA, Nagi MN, al-Gharably NM, al-Rikabi AC, al-Bekairi AM. Thymoquinone protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity without compromising its antitumor activity. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research. 1998;17(2):193-198. al-Shabanah OA, Badary OA, Nagi MN, al-Gharably NM, al-Rikabi AC, al-Bekairi AM. Thymoquinone protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity without compromising its antitumor activity. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research. 1998;17(2):193-198. Butt MS, Imran M, Imran A, Arshad MS, Saeed F, Gondal TA, et al. Therapeutic perspective of thymoquinone: A mechanistic treatise. Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;9(3):1792-1809. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2070 Butt MS, Imran M, Imran A, Arshad MS, Saeed F, Gondal TA, et al. Therapeutic perspective of thymoquinone: A mechanistic treatise. Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;9(3):1792-1809. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2070 Pelegrin S, Galtier F, Chalançon A, Gagnol J-P, Barbanel A-M, Pélissier Y, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa seeds (black cumin) on insulin secretion and lipid profile: A pilot study in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2019;85(7):1607-1611. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13922 Pelegrin S, Galtier F, Chalançon A, Gagnol J-P, Barbanel A-M, Pélissier Y, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa seeds (black cumin) on insulin secretion and lipid profile: A pilot study in healthy volunteers. 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Sample size in bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics. 2020;125(1):777-794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03647-7 Brewer J, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M. Effects of thymoquinone, lycopene, and selenomethione in the presence of estrogen on the viability of SiHa cells in vitro. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2006;42:37-41. Brewer J, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M. Effects of thymoquinone, lycopene, and selenomethione in the presence of estrogen on the viability of SiHa cells in vitro. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2006;42:37-41. Brown RK, Wilson G, Tucci MA, Benghuzzi HA. The effects of thymoquinone and Doxorubicin on leukemia and cardiomyocyte cell lines. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2014;50:391-396. Brown RK, Wilson G, Tucci MA, Benghuzzi HA. The effects of thymoquinone and Doxorubicin on leukemia and cardiomyocyte cell lines. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2014;50:391-396. Martin TM, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M. The effect of conventional and sustained delivery of thymoquinone and levodopa on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2006;42:332-337. Martin TM, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M. The effect of conventional and sustained delivery of thymoquinone and levodopa on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2006;42:332-337. McPherson W, Stratton GW, A contribution to the study of the constitution of the hydroxyazo compounds. The action of unsymmetrical benzoylparatolylhydrazine upon benzoquinone and its homologs. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1915;37(4):906-915. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02169a020 McPherson W, Stratton GW, A contribution to the study of the constitution of the hydroxyazo compounds. The action of unsymmetrical benzoylparatolylhydrazine upon benzoquinone and its homologs. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1915;37(4):906-915. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02169a020 Bai X, Zhang F, Ni J, Shi L, Lee AI. 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Thymoquinone protects against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice via an antioxidant mechanism. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 1999;47(1):153-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15216549900201153 Nagi MN, Alam K, Badary OA, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Sawaf HA, Al-Bekairi AM. Thymoquinone protects against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice via an antioxidant mechanism. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International. 1999;47(1):153-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15216549900201153 Nagi MN, Almakki HA. Thymoquinone supplementation induces quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in mice liver: possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. Phytotherapy Research. 2009;23(9):1295-1298. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2766 Nagi MN, Almakki HA. Thymoquinone supplementation induces quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in mice liver: possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. 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Thymoquinone supplementation attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2011;25(3):135-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.20369 Nagi MN, Mansour MA. Protective effect of thymoquinone against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A possible mechanism of protection. Pharmacological Research. 2000;41(3):283-289. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1999.0585 Nagi MN, Mansour MA. Protective effect of thymoquinone against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A possible mechanism of protection. Pharmacological Research. 2000;41(3):283-289. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1999.0585 Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research. 2000;14(5):323-328. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research. 2000;14(5):323-328. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q Houghton PJ, Zarka R, de las Heras B, Hoult JRS. Fixed oil of Nigella sativa and derived thymoquinone inhibit eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and membrane lipid peroxidation. Planta Medica. 1995;61(1):33-36. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957994 Houghton PJ, Zarka R, de las Heras B, Hoult JRS. Fixed oil of Nigella sativa and derived thymoquinone inhibit eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and membrane lipid peroxidation. Planta Medica. 1995;61(1):33-36. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957994 Badary OA, Taha RA, El-Din AMG, Abdel-Wahab MH. Thymoquinone is a potent superoxide anion scavenger. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2003;26(2):87-98. https://doi.org/10.1081/DCT-120020404 Badary OA, Taha RA, El-Din AMG, Abdel-Wahab MH. Thymoquinone is a potent superoxide anion scavenger. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2003;26(2):87-98. https://doi.org/10.1081/DCT-120020404 Worthen DR, Ghosheh OA, Crooks PA. The in vitro anti-tumor activity of some crude and purified components of blackseed, Nigella sativa L. Anticancer Research. 1998;18(3A):1527-1532. Worthen DR, Ghosheh OA, Crooks PA. The in vitro anti-tumor activity of some crude and purified components of blackseed, Nigella sativa L. Anticancer Research. 1998;18(3A):1527-1532. Staniek K, Gille L. Is thymoquinone an antioxidant? BMC Pharmacology. 2010;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2210-10-S1-A9 Staniek K, Gille L. Is thymoquinone an antioxidant? BMC Pharmacology. 2010;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2210-10-S1-A9 Yi T, Cho S-G, Yi Z, Pang X, Rodriguez M, Wang Y, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth through suppressing AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2008;7(7):1789-1796. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0124 Yi T, Cho S-G, Yi Z, Pang X, Rodriguez M, Wang Y, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth through suppressing AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2008;7(7):1789-1796. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0124 Gali-Muhtasib H, Diab-Assaf M, Boltze C, Al-Hmaira J, Hartig R, Roessner A, et al. Thymoquinone extracted from black seed triggers apoptotic cell death in human colorectal cancer cells via a p53-dependent mechanism. International Journal of Oncology. 2004;25(4):857-866. Gali-Muhtasib H, Diab-Assaf M, Boltze C, Al-Hmaira J, Hartig R, Roessner A, et al. Thymoquinone extracted from black seed triggers apoptotic cell death in human colorectal cancer cells via a p53-dependent mechanism. International Journal of Oncology. 2004;25(4):857-866. Sethi G, Kwang SA, Aggarwal BB. Targeting nuclear factor-κB activation pathway by thymoquinone: Role in suppression of antiapoptotic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis. Molecular Cancer Research. 2008;6(6):1059-1070. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-2088 Sethi G, Kwang SA, Aggarwal BB. Targeting nuclear factor-κB activation pathway by thymoquinone: Role in suppression of antiapoptotic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis. Molecular Cancer Research. 2008;6(6):1059-1070. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-2088 Ghosheh OA, Houdi AA, Crooks PA, High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the pharmacologically active quinones and related compounds in the oil of the black seed (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999;19(5):757-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00300-8 Ghosheh OA, Houdi AA, Crooks PA, High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the pharmacologically active quinones and related compounds in the oil of the black seed (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999;19(5):757-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00300-8 Woo CC, Loo SY, Gee V, Yap CW, Sethi G, Kumar AP, et al. Anticancer activity of thymoquinone in breast cancer cells: Possible involvement of PPAR-γ pathway. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2011;82(5):464-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.030 Woo CC, Loo SY, Gee V, Yap CW, Sethi G, Kumar AP, et al. Anticancer activity of thymoquinone in breast cancer cells: Possible involvement of PPAR-γ pathway. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2011;82(5):464-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.030 Khan MA, Chen H, Tania M, Zhang D. 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