CARDIORENAL PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS OF BITTER LEAF (VERNONIA AMYGDALINA L.) IN ANIMAL MODEL OF METABOLIC SYNDROME
Abstract and keywords
Abstract (English):
Every year, metabolic syndrome and cardiorenal diseases cause many deaths worldwide. African bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina L.) is known for its numerous therapeutic effects. Potentially, it can lower plasma lipid and glucose levels, which, in turn, may improve the condition of patients with the abovementioned diseases. This research featured the antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects of methanol extract of V. amygdalina in an animal model of metabolic syndrome. Twenty albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A to C were orally administered with ghee (3 mL/kg) + high-cholesterol diet (500 mg/kg) + high-sugar diet (10 mL/kg) to induce metabolic syndrome. Group A served as negative control and received no treatment with bitter leaf methanol extract. Groups B and C received 200 and 400 mg/kg of V. amygdalina methanol extract, respectively. Group D received no administration. The cardiorenal injuries and alterations in blood lipids and sugar levels wereassessed via various biochemical analyses. The combination of ghee + high-cholesterol diet + high-sugar diet triggered a significant elevation of creatine kinase myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, glucose, urea, creatinine, and potassium levels. The histopathological results agreed with the biochemical findings. However, the treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg of V. amygdalina methanol extract was able to inhibit the adverse alterations causing a dosedependent significant antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effect (p < 0.05). Bitter leaf (V. amygdalina) demonstrated cardiorenal protective effects and may be used to manage metabolic syndrome.

Keywords:
Bitter leaf, Vernonia amygdalina, methanol extract, metabolic syndrome, animal model, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia
Text
Publication text (PDF): Read Download
References

1. Katsimardou A, Imprialos K, Stavropoulos K, Sachinidis A, Doumas M, Athyros V. Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: Novel insights. Current Hypertension Reviews. 2020;16(1):12-18. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573402115666190415161813

2. Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports. 2018;20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z

3. Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Mantovani A, Targher G. Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence? Journal of Hepatology. 2018;68(2):335-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.09.021

4. Debnath B, Manna K. Formulating anti-diabetic nutraceutical tablets based on edible plants from Tripura, India. Foods and Raw Materials. 2022;10(2):227-234. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2022-2-532

5. Zaytseva LV, Ruban NV, Tsyganova TB, Mazukabzova EV. Fortified confectionery creams on vegetable oils with a modified carbohydrate profile. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2022;52(3):500-510. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-3-2377

6. Silvestri E, Giacco A. Diet, exercise, and the metabolic syndrome: enrollment of the mitochondrial machinery. Nutrients. 2022;14(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214519

7. Purwowiyoto SL, Prawara AS. Metabolic syndrome and heart failure: mechanism and management. Medicine and Pharmacy Reports. 2021;94(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.15386/mpr-1884

8. Muzurović E, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and their association with vascular risk. Metabolism. 2021;119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154770

9. Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Kovelamudi S, Mehta JL. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease. 2017;11(8):215-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753944717711379

10. Tune JD, Goodwill AG, Sassoon DJ, Mather KJ. Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome. Translational Research. 2017;183:57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2017.01.001

11. Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR. Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017;12(12):2032-2045. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11491116

12. Mattina A, Argano C, Brunori G, Lupo U, Raspanti M, Lo Monaco M, et al. Clinical complexity and diabetes: a multidimensional approach for the management of cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2022;32(12):2730-2738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.008

13. Silveira Rossi JL, Barbalho SM, Reverete de Araujo R, Bechara MD, Sloan KP, Sloan LA. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Going beyond traditional risk factors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2022;38(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3502

14. Kadowaki T, Maegawa H, Watada H, Yabe D, Node K, Murohara T, et al. Interconnection between cardiovascular, renal and metabolic disorders: A narrative review with a focus on Japan. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022;24(12):2283-2296. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14829

15. Holmes JL, Biella A, Morck T, Rostorfer J, Schneeman B. Medical foods: Science, regulation, and practical aspects. Summary of a workshop. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2021;5. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa172

16. Ugbogu EA, Emmanuel O, Dike ED, Agi GO, Ugbogu OC, Ibe C, et al. The phytochemistry, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological potentials of the medicinal plant - Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf). Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology. 2021;1(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2021.100006

17. Uchendu IK. Effect of aqueous extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Bioequivalence and Bioavailability International Journal. 2018;2(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/BEBA-16000122

18. Achuba FI. Role of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract in prevention of renal toxicity induced by crude petroleum contaminated diets in rats. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 2018;6(2):172-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.002

19. Aderinboye OE, Solanke AS. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES) determination of trace elements present in Telfairia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina obtained from orita market, Ilaro town, Yewa South local government, Ogun State. 1st National WITED Conference; 2019; Ilaro. Ilaro; 2019.

20. Nilsson PM, Tuomilehto J, Rydén L. The metabolic syndrome - What is it and how should it be managed? European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2019;26(2):33-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319886404

21. Guiding principles for research involving animals and human beings. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2002;283:R281-R283. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00279.2002

22. Trease GE, Evans SM. Pharmacognosy. 15th Edition. London: Bailliere Tindall; 2002; 600 p.

23. Tijjani MA, Mohammed GT, Alkali YT, Adamu TB, Abdurahaman FI. Phytochemical analysis, analgesic and antipyretic properties of ethanolic leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2017;6(3):95-99.

24. Fredrickson DS, Levy RI, Lees RS. Fat transport in lipoproteins - An integrated approach to mechanisms and disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1967;276(3):148-156. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196701192760305

25. Albers JJ, Warnick GR, Chenng MC. Quantitation of high density lipoproteins. Lipids. 1978;13(12):926-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02533852

26. Fossati P, Prencipe L. Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clinical Chemistry. 1982;28(10):2077-2080. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/28.10.2077

27. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry. 1972;18(6):499-502. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499

28. Trinder P. Enzymatic colorimetric method of cholesterol determination. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1969;6.

29. Gerhardt W, Ljungdahl L, Börjesson J, Hofvendahl S, Hedenas B. Creatine kinase B-subunit activity in human serum. I. Development of an immunoinhibition method for routine determination of S-creatine kinase B-sununit activity. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1977;78(1):29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(77)90335-7

30. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1957;28(1):56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56

31. Natelson S, Scott ML, Beffa C. A rapid method for the estimation of urea in biologic fluids. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1951;21(3):275-281. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/21.3_ts.275

32. Fabiny DL, Ertingshausen G. Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChem. Clinical Chemistry. 1971;17(8):696-700. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/17.8.696

33. Koivukoski S, Khan U, Ruusuvuori P, Latonen L. Unstained tissue imaging and virtual hematoxylin and eosin staining of histologic whole slide images. Laboratory Investigation. 2023;103(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100070

34. Ogunrinola OO, Fajana OO, Adu OB, Otutuloro AM, Moses TA, Lediju K, et al. The effects of Vernonia amygdalina leaves on lipid profile in cadmium-induced rat. MOJ Toxicol. 2019;5(2):83-88. https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2019.05.00159

35. Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Airaodion EO. Effect of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves on glycemic and lipidaemic indexes of Wistar rats. Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;7(3):1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v7i330122

36. Oluwayemi AT, Nwachuku EO, Holy B. Effects of the interation of metformin and Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) on steptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2018;1(2):1-8. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2018/v1i227494

37. Olooto WE, Ogunkoya OO, Alabi AO, Oyinloye EO. Hypolipidaemic potentials of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf) in male albino rats fed high-sucrose diet. Annals of Health Research. 2017;3(1):10-17.

38. Bawa KB, Iyanda AA. Investigation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic extracts of Bitter leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina Delile) in male rats. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports. 2020;10(4):30-37. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2020/v10i430250

39. Ebong PE, Atangwho IJ, Eyong EU, Egbung GE. The antidiabetic efficacy of combined extracts from two continental plants: Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) and Vernonia amygdalina (African bitter leaf). American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2008;4(3):239-244.

40. Uchendu IK, Okoroiwu HU. Evaluation of blood oxidant/antioxidant changes and testicular toxicity after subacute exposure to cadmium in albino rats: Therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa seed extracts. Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening. 2021;24(1):79-87. https://doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200526134923

41. Wijaya L, Ginting CN, Chiuman L, Lister INE. Cardio protective effect of ethanolic extract Vernonia amygdalina Delile on rats induced doxorubicin. 2020 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Electronics, Computer, and Industrial Technology (MECnIT); 2020; Medan. Medan; 2020. p. 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/MECnIT48290.2020.9166668

42. Syahputra RA, Harahap U, Dalimunthe A, Pandapotan M, Satria D. Protective effect of Vernonia amygdalina Delile against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Heliyon. 2021;7(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon. 2021.e07434

43. Luo Y, Shang P, Li D. Luteolin: A flavonoid that has multiple cardio-protective effects and its molecular mechanisms. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017;8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00692

44. Barnes P, Yeboah JK, Gbedema W, Saahene RO, Amoani B. Ameliorative effect of Vernonia amygdalina plant extract on heavy metal-induced liver and kidney dysfunction in rats. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2976905

45. Onwubiko GN, Nwankwo NE, Egbuonu ACC, Soribe BA, Okeke ES, Eze CJ. Amelioration of high levels of serum kidney function biomarkers by Vernonia amygdalina in monosodium glutamate induced rats. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2022;13(2):197-205. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijnpr.v13i2.36235


Login or Create
* Forgot password?