Moscow, г. Москва и Московская область, Россия
Moscow, г. Москва и Московская область, Россия
Hazardous compounds accumulate in plants and animals as a result of anthropogenic impact. Trace elements, such as heavy metals, move up in the system of snow – soil – water – plant – animal. When contaminants accumulate in plants that serve as animal feed, they eventually accumulate in the animals that consume the feed because heavy metals usually enter living organisms via digestive tract, i.e., with food. In 2003–2021, we studied fodder plants grown and harvested by urban zoological organizations, e.g., zoos, nature corners, etc. This research covered the Central Federal District represented by the cities of Moscow, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, and Uglich. The empirical part of the study relied on a combination of modern ecological, biochemical, and statistical methods. A KVANT-2AT atomic absorption spectrometer was used to define the trace elements and their quantities. Broccoli proved to be the most resistant feed vegetable to all the toxic elements in this study. Kohlrabi, sweet potato, and dill had low content of lead and cadmium, while garlic was highly resistant to cadmium and arsenic. Spinach, fennel, potatoes, beets, and bell peppers, which were used as fodder in metropolis conditions, exceeded the maximal permissible concentration of heavy metals. The samples obtained from the Moscow Zoo contained by 1.98 times more zinc, by 1.06 times more copper, and by 89.47 times more lead than average. The samples from Ivanovo accumulated the greatest extent of iron, which exceeded the average level by 3.26 times. The vegetables from Uglich and Ivanovo had the lowest concentration of zinc, which was by 67.86 and 62.70% below the average, respectively. The samples from Yaroslavl contained by 33.08% less copper. In 2003–2021, feed vegetables grown in the Central Federal District had an average increase in zinc, copper, and lead by 1.13, 1.45, and 2.80 times, respectively. The level of iron stayed almost the same throughout 2018–2021, while that of arsenic gradually decreased in concentration. The accumulation level of zinc, copper, iron, and arsenic in feed vegetables appeared to depend on the concentration of their water-soluble metal forms in the soil. Therefore, forage agriculture in urban areas requires constant chemical and toxicological tests to prevent contaminated feed from entering animal diet.
Vegetables, trace elements, heavy metals, arsenic, migration, deposit media, pollution
1. Oganesyants LA, Sevostianova EM, Kuzmina EI, Ganin MYu, Chebykin EP, Suturin AN. Isotopic and chemical composition of the deep water of Lake Baikal. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2021;51(4):723-732. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-4-723-732
2. Senchenko M, Stepanova M, Pozdnyakova V, Olenchuk E. Migration of microelements and heavy metals in the system “soil - plant - plant-based products”. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2021;10(6).
3. Stepanova MV, Ostapenko VA, Kaledin AP. The content of heavy metals and arsenic in agricultural soils. Izvestia Orenburg State Agrarian University. 2020;86(6):15-21. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37670/2073-0853-2020-86-6-15-21
4. Różyło K, Świeca M, Gawlik-Dziki U, Andruszczak S, Kwiecińska-Poppe E, Kraska P. Phytochemical properties and heavy metal accumulation in wheat grain after three years’ fertilization with biogas digestate and mineral waste. Agricultural and Food Science. 2017;26(3):148-159. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.63156
5. Baghaie AH, Fereydoni M. The potential risk of heavy metals on human health due to the daily consumption of vegetables. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal. 2019;6(1):11-16. https://doi.org/10.15171/EHEM.2019.02
6. Goswami S, Manna K. Organochlorine pesticide residues and other toxic substances in salted Tenualosa ilisha L.: Northeastern part of India. Foods and Raw Materials. 2021;9(2):201-206. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2021-2-201-206
7. Zimina MI, Sukhih SA, Babich OO, Noskova SYu, Abrashina AA, Prosekov AYu. Investigating antibiotic activity of the genus bacillus strains and properties of their bacteriocins in order to develop next-generation pharmaceuticals. Foods and Raw Materials. 2016;4(2):92-100. https://doi.org/10.21179/2308-4057-2016-2-92-100
8. Kakimov АK, Kakimova ZhH, Smirnova IA, Zharykbasov ES. Promising areas of zeolite application in milk purification from toxic elements. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2018;48(1):143-149. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-1-143-149
9. Tarnagda B, Guira F, Sourabié PB, Zongo O, Tapsoba F, Zongo C, et al. Evaluation of heavy metals and pesticides continents in market-gardening products sold in some principal markets of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2019;8(4):1026-1034. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2019.8.4.1026-1034
10. Harangozo Ľ, Šnirc M, Árvay J, Bajčan D, Bystrická J, Trebichalský P, et al. The heavy metal continents in selected kind of spices. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2018;8(2):760-764. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.2.760-764
11. Zenkova ML. Mineral and amino acid composition of germinated and canned wheat grains. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2019;49(4):513-521. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-4-513-521
12. Mayurnikova LA, Koksharov AA, Krapiva TV, Novoselov SV. Food fortification as a preventive factor of micronutrient deficiency. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2020;50(1):124-139. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2020-1-124-139
13. Newman R, Waterland N, Moon Y, Tou JC. Selenium biofortification of agricultural crops and effects on plant nutrients and bioactive compounds important for human health and disease prevention - A review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 2019;74(4):449-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00769-z
14. Althagafi AM, Alshegifi HM, Qussyier TS, Tobaiqy M, Mariod A. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed in Saudi Arabia: review of occurrence and toxicity. Foods and Raw Materials. 2021;9(1):174-183. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2021-1-174-183
15. Golubkina NA, Nadezhkin SM, Agafonov AF, Antoshkina MS, Koshevarov AA. Onion of the collection of All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding and Seed Breeding of Vegetable Crops. Vestnik of Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy. 2015;31(3):11-16. (In Russ.).
16. Weekley CM, Harris HH. Which form is that? The importance of selenium speciation and metabolism in the prevention and treatment of disease. Chemical Society Reviews. 2013;42(23):8870-8894. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60272a
17. Manzoor J, Sharma M, Wani KA. Heavy metals in vegetables and their impact on the nutrient quality of vegetables: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2018;41(13):1744-1763. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1462382
18. Drozhzhin OS, Shipilov VV. The assessment of heavy metals content in fodders on the farms in the Central Black Earth Zone. Bulletin of Veterinary Pharmacology. 2019;9(4):53-58. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2541-8203.2019.4.53
19. Daukaev RA, Larionova TK, Afonkina SR, Allayarova GR, Adieva GF, Pecherskaya VL, et al. The study of pollution by heavy metals of vegetables grown up in the industrial area. Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology. 2018;15(3):22-27. (In Russ.).
20. Vasilovsky AM, Voloshin YeI, Skudarnov SYe. Migration and translocation of microelements in the system “soil - underground waters - grain and vegetables” in the agricultural areas of Krasnoyarsk Region. Bulletin of KSAU. 2010;47(8):64-67. (In Russ.).
21. Daukaev RA, Larionova TK, Stepanov EG, Afonkina SR, Fazlieva AS, Usmanova EN, et al. The content of some contaminants in vegetables grown on school grounds. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;98(9):962-966. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-9-962-966
22. Arsenov DD, Nikolić NP, Borišev MK, Župunski MD, Pajević SP. Heavy metal contamination of vegetables from green markets in Novi Sad. Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke. 2016;(131):99-108. https://doi.org/10.2298/ZMSPN1631099A
23. Kaiser MI, Bolʹbukh TV, Safonova OV. Manganese and copper in soils and vegetables of the Altai Mountains. Trends in Science and Education. 2018;(42-4):77-78. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18411/lj-09-2018-82